Chapter 19 – The Urinary System: Fluid and Electrolyte Balance Factors Affecting the Plasma Composition Solute and water content of plasma is affected by movement of materials in and out of the body and by movement of materials between body compartments. Ways…
Chapter 17 – Respiratory System: Gas Exchange and Regulation of Breathing Pulmonary Circulation The cells of the body consume an average 250 ml of oxygen per minute and produce about 200 ml of carbon dioxide per minute. The ratio…
Chapter 16 – Respiratory System Respiration is the process of gas exchange and occurs on two levels: Internal Respiration The use of oxygen by the mitochondria to produce ATP by oxidative phosphorylation with production of carbon dioxide as a waste product. External Respiration – Exchange…
Chapter 14 – Blood Vessels, Blood Flow, and Blood Pressure Physical Laws Governing Blood Flow and Blood Pressure The flow of blood within vessels is directly proportional to the pressure gradient and is inversely proportional to the resistance within the vessel:…
Chapter 13 – Cardiac Function Path of Blood Flow (Fig. 13.2) Review anatomy on your own. Anatomy of the Heart (Fig. 13.5) Review anatomy on your own. Heart Anatomy Tutorial Electrical Activity of the Heart The contractions of the heart originate…
Chapter 10 – Sensory General Principles The afferent neurons of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) pick up information received by sensory receptors. Stimuli detected inside the body travel to the CNS by means of visceral afferents and are detected by visceral…
Chapter 7 – Nerve Cells and Electric Signaling Overview Organization: Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain and spinal cord receives and processes information. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Nerve cells that link CNS with organs throughout the body. Neurons that transmit messages to an…
Chapter 4 – Cell Membrane Transport Membranes, whether the cell membrane itself or membranes surrounding organelles, serve the vital function of forming a boundary. This boundary is dynamic in that it selectively permits certain molecules to cross it and others not to cross it. It also…