10. Triacylglycerol metabolism 10.5 Fatty acid synthesis The acetyl-CoA carboxylase reaction The structure of fatty acid synthase Phosphopantetheine acts as a flexible tether in acyl carrier protein Fatty acid synthase reactions (1) Fatty acid synthase reactions (2) Mitochondrial export of acetyl-CoA via citrate Mitochondrial export of…
system
Digestion and uptake of dietary triacylglycerol
10. Triacylglycerol metabolism 10.2 Digestion and uptake of dietary triacylglycerol Triacylglycerol and its cleavage products Solubilization of fat by detergents Uptake and re-packaging of digested fat in the small intestine The lymphatics drain excess fluid from the interstitial space Chylomicrons are drained from the intestine through…
Triacylglycerol metabolism: Overview
10. Triacylglycerol metabolism 10.1 Overview Foodstuffs and their energy contents Carbon pools in carbohydrate and fat metabolism Various types of lipids occur in the human body, namely triacylglycerol, cholesterol, and polar lipids, which include phospholipids, glycolipids and sphingolipids. This chapter will focus on triacylglycerol;…
Ketone body metabolism
10. Triacylglycerol metabolism 10.4 Ketone body metabolism Synthesis of acetoacetate and ?-hydroxybutyrate Decarboxylation of acetoacetate Acetone can serve as a precursor for gluconeogenesis Anticonvulsant effects of acetone and acetol The key idea of ketone body metabolism is to convert free fatty acids into more…
Utilization of fatty acids: ?-Oxidation
10. Triacylglycerol metabolism 10.3 Utilization of fatty acids: ?-Oxidation Two activated forms of fatty acids Activation of fatty acids and transport to the mitochondrion Reactions in ?-oxidation Shared reaction patterns in ?-oxidation and TCA cycle The reaction mechanism of thiolase Utilization of propionate Organ relationships in…
Functional significance
18. Metabolism of drugs and xenobiotics 18.1 Functional significance Enzyme specificity in drug metabolism Metabolism of phenobarbital Drug metabolism facilitates drug elimination Inactivation and facilitated elimination of drugs and xenobiotics Activation of prodrugs Formation of active metabolites with similar or novel activity Detoxification of toxic xenobiotics…
Cobalamin-dependent methylation reactions
15. Biosynthetic pathways using tetrahydrofolate and vitamin B12 15.4 Cobalamin-dependent methylation reactions Structure of methylcobalamin The S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) cycle requires vitamin B12 Structures of S-adenosylmethionine and S-adenosylhomocysteine SAM-dependent methylation reactions Phosphatidylethanolamine methylation Sphingomyelin acquires its phosphocholine headgroup from PC Major nerve fibers are myelinated 15.4.1 Structure…
Therapy of diabetes
14. Diabetes mellitus 14.5 Therapy of diabetes How to treat a fresh case of acute diabetes Kinetics of physiological insulin secretion The reversible aggregation of insulin delays its diffusion from tissue into the circulation Delayed release of insulin from protamine complexes Biphasic insulin preparations Short-term complications…